Publications

In addition to directly assisting clients to solve business problems, Bailit Health staff conduct research and author publications to assist the broader community of health care purchasers. A sample of published articles and reports is available below.


Recent and Featured

Peterson-Milbank Program for Sustainable Health Care Costs Publication Cover
Guide to Understanding Hospital Spending through Financial Analysis - Analytic Support Resource

Sarah Kinsler, Peter Hayes, Christopher Romero-Gutierrez, and Michael Bailit
Peterson-Milbank Program for Sustainable Health Care Costs – April 5, 2024

Peterson-Milbank Program for Sustainable Health Care Costs Publication Cover
Guide to Understanding Hospital Spending through Financial Analysis - Analytic Support Resource: Illustrative Case Studies

Sarah Kinsler, Peter Hayes, Christopher Romero-Gutierrez, and Michael Bailit
Peterson-Milbank Program for Sustainable Health Care Costs – April 5, 2024

State Health and Value Strategies Publication Cover
A Health Equity Data and Accountability Infrastructure for Massachusetts

Matt Reynolds, Deepti Kanneganti, and Michael Bailit of Bailit Health, Clara Felice and Jatin Dave of MassHealth
State Health and Value Strategies – February 7, 2024

State Health and Value Strategies Publication Cover
What´s New in State Approaches to Addressing Health-Related Social Needs in Medicaid Managed Care

Erin Campbell, Mary Beth Dyer, and Erin Taylor
State Health and Value Strategies – December 29, 2023

Health Affairs Blog Post Cover
In Three States, Growth In Prescription Drug Spending Is Unaffordable Even When Accounting For Rebates

Jessica Mar and January Angeles
Health Affairs Forefront Blog – December 19, 2023

Milbank Memorial Fund Blog Post Cover
The Impact of COVID-19 on Health Care Spending in Three States: A Health Care Cost Driver Analysis

Christopher Romero-Gutierrez and Michael Bailit
Milbank Memorial Fund – December 6, 2023


How Medicaid Agencies Can Leverage Multi-Payer Aligned Measure Sets

Grace Flaherty and Matt Reynolds
State Health and Value Strategies – October 4, 2023

2023 Articles & Publications

Medicaid Managed Care Strategies to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Mental Healthcare for Adults

Erin Taylor, Rachel Isaacson, and Mary Beth Dyer
State Health and Value Strategies – July 21, 2023

States Setting Health Care Spending Growth Targets Experienced Accelerated Growth in 2021

January Angeles
Health Affairs Blog – June 29, 2023

Measuring Health Equity: A State Measure Set to Assess and Improve Equity

Deepti Kanneganti, Jessica Mar, and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – June 16, 2023

Compendium of Medicaid Managed Care Contracting Strategies to Promote Health Equity

State Health and Value Strategies – April 7, 2023

What's New in State Approaches to Promoting Health Equity in Medicaid Managed Care

Erin Taylor and Matt Reynolds
State Health and Value Strategies – April 7, 2023

States Take on Affordability — Hospital and Pharmaceutical Spending Are Pressing Priorities, but Difficult to Tackle

Alyssa Vangeli, Ann Hwang, Michael Bailit, Erin Taylor
The Commonwealth Fund – January 26, 2023

State Strategies for Controlling Health Care Costs: Implementation Guides

Ann Hwang, Michael Bailit, Deepti Kanneganti, Grace Flaherty
The Commonwealth Fund – January 13, 2023

Making Health Care More Affordable: A Playbook for Implementing a State Cost Growth Target

January Angeles
Milbank Memorial Fund – January 10, 2023


2022 Articles & Publications

Value-Based Payment, the Safety Net, and Rethinking Risk

Alison E. Cuellar, Mary Beth Dyer, and Rachael Matulis
The American Journal of Managed Care – October 18, 2022

Addressing Health-Related Social Needs Through Medicaid Managed Care

Erin Campbell, Mary Beth Dyer, and Erin Taylor
State Health and Value Strategies – October 4, 2022

Integrated Care for Kids (InCK) Model Evaluation: Report 1

Deepti Kanneganti, Matt Reynolds, Ellie Shea-Delaney, Erin Taylor, and Beth Waldman in partnership with Abt Associates and Westat Insight
Submitted to CMS – August 23, 2022

What Is Driving Health Care Spending Upward In States With Cost Growth Targets?

Michael Bailit
Health Affairs Forefront – August 9, 2022

Medicaid Managed Care Procurements: A Toolkit for State Medicaid Agencies

Beth Waldman, Mary Beth Dyer and Erin Campbell
State Health and Value Strategies – August 9, 2022

Medicaid Managed Care Contract Language: Health Disparities and Health Equity

Bailit Health
State Health and Value Strategies – July 28, 2022

California´s Department of Health Care Services Centers Health Equity in its Statewide Medicaid Managed Care Procurement

Erin Taylor, Mary Beth Dyer, and Erin Campbell
State Health and Value Strategies – July 28, 2022

Investing in Primary Care: Why It Matters for Californians with Commercial Coverage

Ann Hwang and Dolores Yanagihara
California Health Care Foundation – April 19, 2022

Ensuring Health Care Cost Growth Targets Promote Health Equity

Grace Flaherty and Deepti Kanneganti
Milbank Memorial Fund – April 13, 2022

A Typology For Health Equity Measures

Michael H. Bailit and Deepti Kanneganti
Health Affairs Forefront – March 21, 2022

Ten Strategies to Help States Slow Health Care Cost Growth in the Commercial Market

Ann Hwang, Amy M. Lischko, Tom Betlach, and Michael H. Bailit
The Commonwealth Fund – February 24, 2022

Stratifying Data and Implementing Financial Incentives: How States Are Leveraging Medicaid Managed Care to Further Health Equity

Rachel Isaacson, Mary Beth Dyer, and Erin Taylor
State Health and Value Strategies – January 28, 2022


2021 Articles & Publications

Promising Approaches to Reducing Disparities in Birth-Related Health Outcomes in Medicaid

Erin Taylor, Jennifer Sayles, M.D., and Michael Bailit
California Health Care Foundation – November 12, 2021

Promoting Health Equity in Medicaid Managed Care: A Guide for States

Erin Taylor, Mary Beth Dyer, and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – November 7, 2021

Organizations React to Medi-Cal Managed Care Procurement Request for Proposals

Mary Beth Dyer and Beth Waldman
California Health Care Foundation – September 24, 2021

Strategies for Working with Managed Care Organizations to Increase COVID-19 Vaccination Rates

Erin Campbell and Mary Beth Dyer
State Health and Value Strategies – September 15, 2021

Promoting Health Equity in Medicaid Managed Care: A Guide for States

Erin Taylor, Mary Beth Dyer, and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – August 27, 2021

States Are Leveraging Medicaid Managed Care to Further Health Equity

Erin Taylor and Mary Beth Dyer
State Health and Value Strategies – August 27, 2021

A Data Use Strategy for State Action to Address Health Care Cost Growth

Jennifer Sayles, Deepti Kanneganti, and Michael Bailit
Milbank Memorial Fund – June 25, 2021

Measuring Non-Claims-Based Primary Care Spending

Erin Taylor, Michael Bailit, and Deepti Kanneganti
Milbank Memorial Fund – April 15, 2021

Rhode Island’s Cost Trends Project: A Case Study on State Cost Growth Targets

Erin Taylor, Michael Bailit, Megan Burns, and Justine Zayhowski
Milbank Memorial Fund – January 26, 2021

Paying Medi-Cal Managed Care Plans for Value: Design Recommendations for a Quality Incentive Program

Justine Zayhowski, Jennifer Sayles, and Michael Bailit
California Health Care Foundation – January 25, 2021


2020 Articles & Publications

How States Are Increasing Their Investment in Primary Care

Michael Bailit
Milbank Memorial Fund – November 19, 2020

Behavioral Health Urgent Care: A Vision for Massachusetts and Opportunities to Improve Access

Erin Taylor, Ellie Shea–Delaney, Beth Waldman and Kaitlyn Kenney Walsh
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation – October 27, 2020

Developing a Social Risk Factor Screening Measure

Justine Zayhowski, Kate Reinhalter Bazinsky, and Michael Bailit
State Heath and Values Strategies – October 16, 2020

Social Risk Factor Screening in Medicaid Managed Care

Rachel Isaacson and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – October 16, 2020

Prospective Payment for Primary Care: Lessons for Future Models

Erin Taylor, Michael Bailit, and Jennifer Sayles
Milbank Memorial Fund – September 16, 2020

Ensuring Medicaid MCO Enrollees Receive Necessary Care During COVID-19

Michael Bailit and Jennifer Sayles
State Health and Value Strategies – July 27, 2020

Medicaid Managed Care Contract Language: Health Disparities and Health Equity

State Health and Value Strategies – June 23, 2020

State Strategies to Promote Value-Based Payment through Medicaid Managed Care

Beth Waldman, Mary Beth Dyer, January Angeles, and Margaret Trinity
Federal Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission (MACPAC) – March 13, 2020


2019 Articles & Publications

Implementing the ASAM Criteria for SUD Treatment through Medicaid Managed Care

Rachel Isaacson, Ellie Shea-Delaney, and Beth Waldman
State Health and Value Strategies – November 21, 2019

How States Can Use Measurement as a Foundation for Tackling Health Disparities in Medicaid Managed Care

Kate Reinhalter Bazinsky and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – June 3, 2019

Raising the Bar: How California Can Use Purchasing Power and Oversight to Improve Quality in Medi–Cal Managed Care

Beth Waldman, Mary Beth Dyer, Amy Lischko, and Áron Boros
California Health Care Foundation – April 29, 2019

Paying Medi-Cal Managed Care Plans for Value: Quality Goals for a Financial Incentive Program

Michael Bailit and Justine Zayhowski
California Health Care Foundation – April 29, 2019

Leveraging Multi–Payer Databases for Value

Erin Taylor and Michael Bailit
State Health and Value Strategies – March 25, 2019

Making Quality Matter in Medi–Cal Managed Care: How other states hold health plans financially accountable for performance

Erin Taylor and Michael Bailit
Bailit Health – February 27, 2019


2018 Articles & Publications

New Models of Primary Care Workforce and Financing: Costs Associated with High Quality Comprehensive Primary Care

Michael Bailit, Deepti Kanneganti, et al.
Bailit Health – November 1, 2018

How Do Innovative Primary Care Practices Achieve the Quadruple Aim?

Ed Wagner, Lisa LeRoy, Judith Schaefer, Michael Bailit, Katie Coleman, Chinliu Zhan, David Meyers
The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management – October/December Issue, 2018

Safeguarding Financial Stability of Provider Risk-Bearing Organizations

Erin Taylor, Michael Bailit, and JoAnn Volk
State Health and Value Strategies – August 1, 2018

Balancing Health Care's Checkbook: New Strategies For Providers And States

Michael Bailit, Megan Burns, and Kara Walker
Health Affairs Blog – July 20, 2018

Workforce Configurations to Provide High–Quality, Comprehensive Primary Care: a Mixed–Method Exploration of Staffing for Four Types of Primary Care Practices

David Meyers, Lisa LeRoy, Michael Bailit, Judith Schaefer, Edward Wagner, and Chunliu Zhan
Journal of General Internal Medicine – July 3, 2018

Categorizing Value–Based Payment Models According to the LAN Alternative Payment Model

Megan Burns and Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – February 6, 2018

State Medicaid Approaches for Defining and Tracking Managed Care Organizations Implementation of Alternative Payment Models

Beth Waldman, Michael Bailit, and Mary Beth Dyer
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – February 6, 2018


2017 Articles & Publications

Value–Based Innovation by State Public Employee Health Benefits Programs

Michael Bailit, Megan Burns, and Mary Beth Dyer
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – November 28, 2017

Value–Based Purchasing for Managed Care Procurements: A Toolkit for State Medicaid Agencies

Mary Beth Dyer and Beth Waldman
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – October 18, 2017

Standardizing the Measurement of Commercial Health Plan Primary Care Spending

Michael H. Bailit, Mark W. Friedberg, and Margaret L. Houy
Milbank Memorial Fund – July 25, 2017

State Strategies: Value–Based Payment for Medicaid Populations with Complex Care Needs

Erin Taylor, Mary Beth Dyer, and Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – April 29, 2017

The Business Case for Maternity Care Episode–Based Payment

Megan Burns and Michael Bailit
HCP–LAN Maternity Multi–Stakeholder Action Collaborative – April 27, 2017


2016 Articles & Publications

Integrating Health Care and Social Services: Moving from Concept to Practice

Margaret Trinity, Mary Beth Dyer, and Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – December 5, 2016

Value–Based Payment Models for Medicaid Child Health Services

Michael Bailit and Marge Houy
United Hospital Fund – July 12, 2016

The Role of State Medicaid Programs in Improving the Value of the Health Care System
Megan Burns, Beth Waldman, and Erin Taylor

National Association of Medicaid Directors – March 24, 2016

Integrating Public Health and Health Care: Getting Beyond the Theory – State Health Reform Assistance Network

Erin Taylor, Michael Bailit, Mary Beth Dyer, and Karen Hacker
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – March 22, 2016

Safety–Net Provider ACOs: Considerations for State Medicaid Purchasers – State Health Reform Assistance Network

Michael Bailit and Beth Waldman
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – March 22, 2016

Provider Network Development and Management and Delivery System Transformation in State Medicaid Health Care Purchasing Compendium

Michael Bailit and Beth Waldman
National Governors Association – Jan 12, 2016


2015 Articles & Publications

Implementing State Payment Reform Strategies at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)

Beth Waldman, Mary Beth Dyer, and James Waldinger
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – Dec. 15, 2015

Making Health Care Affordable Grant Program Final Evaluation

Marge Houy and Kate Bazinsky
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation – Aug. 17, 2015

A Study of Safety-Net Providers Functioning as Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)

Michael Bailit and Beth Waldman
Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission (MACPAC) – July 28, 2015

Implementing Value-Based Physician Compensation: Advice from Early Adopters

Michael Bailit, Megan Burns, and Mary Beth Dyer
Healthcare Financial Management - July 1, 2015

Nature And Nurture: What´s Behind the Variation In Recent Medical Home Evaluations?
Mark Friedberg, Connie Sixta, and Michael Bailit
Health Affairs Blog - June 22, 2015

Barriers to Behavioral and Physical Health Integration in Massachusetts
Margaret Houy and Michael Bailit
Blue Cross Blue Shield Massachusetts Foundation - June 12, 2015

The ACO Conundrum: Safety-Net Hospitals in the Era of Accountable Care
Michael Bailit, Rachel Tobey, Jim Maxwell, and Clancey Bateman
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - May 4, 2015

Alternative Payment Models and the Case of Safety Net Providers in Massachusetts

Megan Burns and Michael Bailit
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation - March 18, 2015

Three Emerging Challenges for Sustained Payment and Delivery System Reform

Michael Bailit, Margaret Houy, and Beth Waldman
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - March 12, 2015

What Funders Can Do to Advance Payment Reform

Andrea Ducas and Michael Bailit
Health Affairs: Grant Watch Blog - February 18, 2015

Approaches to the Integration of Services for Individuals with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities

Brendan Hogan, Kate Bazinsky, and Beth Waldman
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - January 5, 2015


2014 Articles & Publications

Considerations for State Development of Performance Measure Sets

Beth Waldman and Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - September 17, 2014

Early Observations Show Safety Net ACOs Hold Promise to Achieve the Triple Aim and Promote Health Equity

James Maxwell, Michael Bailit, Rachel Tobey, and Christine Barron
Health Affairs Blog - September 16, 2014

Four Innovative Strategies to Help Providers Succeed Under Payment Reform

Michael Bailit and Marge Houy
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - August 1, 2014

Key Payer & Provider Operational Steps to Successfully Implement Bundled Payments

Michael Bailit and Marge Houy
Health Care Incentives Improvement Institute - May 28, 2014

Reducing Overuse & Misuse: State Strategies to Improve Quality & Cost of Health Care

Megan Burns, Mary Beth Dyer, and Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - January 17, 2014


2013 Articles & Publications

A Burning Platform & Trust: Key Ingredients for Payment Reform
Michael Bailit
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – December 15, 2013

Facing the Future: Developing Guidelines for Coordinating Practice-Based & Plan-Based Care Management Resources
M. Houy, C. Johnson, and J. Carlevale
Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Resource Library – November 20, 2013

5 Best Practices for a Successful Transition to Value–Based Payments
Interview with Michael Bailit
Becker´s Hospital Review – October 11, 2013

Provider Network Development and Management and Delivery System Transformation in State Medicaid Programs
Beth Waldman and Michael Bailit
NGA Medicaid Health Care Purchasing Compendium – Sept 28, 2013

Facilitators and Barriers to Payment Reform: Market-based, governmental, organizational, and design considerations
Michael Bailit and Megan Burns
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Sept 26, 2013

The Significant Lack of Alignment Across State and Regional Health Measure Sets
Kate Bazinsky and Michael Bailit
Buying Value – September 10, 2013

All Together Now – Coordinating California´s Public Sector Health Care Purchasing
Michael Bailit and Megan Burns
California HealthCare Foundation – Sept 2013

Bundled Payments One Year Later: An Update on the Status of Implementations and Operational Findings
Michael Bailit, Megan Burns, and Marge Houy
Health Care Incentives Improvement Institute – June 10, 2013

Understanding State Resistance to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Is It Really Just Politics As Usual?
Amy Lischko and Beth Waldman
Journal of Health & Biomedical Law – May 2013

The Employer ROI for Payment Reform: Four Payment Models
Michael Bailit and Kate Bazinsky
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation – February 2013

Synopsis:
These briefs describe the return on investment for employers who implement payment reform and feature employers with experience implementing population-based payment, bundled payment, patient–centered medical home payment and high-intensity primary care program payment.

Role of the Nurse Care Manager in a Patient-Centered Medical Home
Christine Johnson and Marge Houy
CMSA Today - February 2013


2012 Articles & Publications

The Design And Application Of Shared Savings Programs: Lessons From Early Adopters
Joel S. Weissman, Michael Bailit, Guy D'Andrea and Meredith B. Rosenthal
Health Affairs – September 2012

Shared–Savings Payment Arrangements in Health Care
Michael Bailit, Christine Hughes, Megan Burns, and David H. Freedman
The Commonwealth Fund – August 2012

Delivering Value: How Value–Based Purchasing Improves Quality and Lowers Costs
Michael Bailit and Megan Burns
Buying Value – July 2012

Bundled Payment Across the U.S. Today: Status of Implementations and Operational Findings
Michael Bailit and Megan Burns
Health Care Incentives Improvement Institute – May 2012

Toward Innovative Models of Health Care and Financing: Matchmaking in Maryland
Kate Bazinsky, Laura Herrera, and Joshua Sharfstein
The Journal of the American Medical Association – April 2012

Stabilizing MassHealth Funding: Options to Break the Recurring Cycle of Expansion and Contraction
Beth Waldman, Robert Seifert and Kate Nordahl
Massachusetts Medicaid Policy Institute – February 2012


2011 Articles & Publications

Key Design Elements of Shared-Savings Payment Arrangements

Michael Bailit and Christine Hughes
The Commonwealth Fund - August 2011

The ACA´s Impact on Medicaid: Changes and Opportunities for MassHealth
Beth Waldman and Kate Nordahl
The Massachusetts Medicaid Policy Institute - July 2011

Payment and Delivery Reform Action Briefs
Michael Bailit
Catalyst for Payment Reform - June 2011

Multipayer Patient-Centered Medical Home Implementation Guided by the Chronic Care Model

Robert Gabbay and Michael Bailit et al.
The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety - June 2011

Assessing the Financial Health of Medicaid Managed Care Plans and the Quality of Patient Care They Provide

Michael McCue and Michael Bailit
The Commonwealth Fund - June 15, 2011

Payment Rate Brief
Michael Bailit
Patient–Centered Primary Care Collaborative – March 30, 2011

Monitoring Medi–Cal: Recommendations for Measuring the Performance of California´s Medicaid Program
Beth Waldman and Michael Bailit
California HealthCare Foundation - January 2011

Physician Payment Reform
Michael Bailit and Christine Hughes
National Business Coalition on Health Value–based Purchasing Guide - January 2011


2010 Articles & Publications

Rhode Island´s Novel Experiment To Rebuild Primary Care From The Insurance Side
Chris Koller, Troy Brennan and Michael Bailit
Health Affairs – May 2010

Value–Based Purchasing and Consumer Engagement Strategies in State Employee Health Plans: A Purchaser Guide
Joshua Slen, Michael Bailit and Marge Houy
April 2010

Massachusetts Health Care Reform

Beth Waldman
April 7, 2010


2009 Articles & Publications

Covering Children and their Parents – The Massachusetts Model and Implications for National Health Reform
Beth Waldman
December 2009

Using Insurance Standards and Policy Levers to Build a High Performance Health System
Michael Bailit and Christopher Koller
November 6, 2009

Health Plan Capabilities to Support Value Based Benefit Design
Marge Houy, Michael Joseph, and Laura Jacobus-Kantor
October 2009

Value–Based Benefit Design: A Purchaser Guide
Marge Houy
September 2009

Pay-for-Performance in the Medi-Cal Managed Care and Healthy Families Programs: Findings and Recommendations
Michael Bailit and Christine Hughes
Published August 2009


2008 Articles & Publications

The Purchaser Guide to the Patient-Centered Medical Home
Michael Bailit and Christine Hughes
July 9, 2008


2007 Articles & Publications

The State Children's Health Insurance Program in Massachusetts: Achievements, Challenges and Implications for Health Reform
Beth Waldman
April 2007

Physician Pay–for–Performance in Medicaid: A Guide for States
Michael Bailit and Mary Beth Dyer along with Karen LLanos and Joanie Rothstein of the Center for Health Care Strategies
April 2007

Purchaser Guide to Value–driven Health Care
Michael Bailit, Marge Houy and Michael Joseph
February 2007


2002–2006 Articles & Publications

Understanding the Influence of Publicly Traded Health Plans on Medicaid Managed Care
Michael Bailit and Mary Beth Dyer
November 2006

Incentives and Rewards Best Practices Primer: Lessons Learned from Early Pilots
Michael Bailit, Mary Beth Dyer and Michael Joseph
July 2006

Putting Quality to Work: Rewarding Plan Performance in Medi–Cal Managed Care
Michael Bailit and Mary Beth Dyer
May 2006

As Employers Pull Their Money Out: The Failure of Health Care Cost Control

Michael Bailit
June 21, 2005

Beyond Bankable Dollars: Establishing a Business Case for Improving Health Care
Michael Bailit and Mary Beth Dyer.
September 2004

State Budget Cuts and Medicaid Managed Care: Case Studies of Four States
Written by Laurie Burgess and Michael Bailit along with independent consultant Trisha Roddy.
Published June 2004

Financial Performance Incentives for Quality: The State of the Art
Health care purchasers are increasingly pursuing how financial incentives can help to motivate quality improvement activity. This monograph provides an overview of a quality incentive–based approach to health care purchasing.
September 2002

Ensuring Quality Providers: A Purchaser's Toolkit for Using Incentives Bailit staff have created a "how–to" toolkit for organizations interested in introducing quality incentives with health care providers.
May 2002

Ensuring Quality Health Plans: A Purchaser´s Toolkit for Using Incentives

Bailit staff have created a "how–to" toolkit for organizations interested in introducing quality incentives with health plans.
March 2002

Provider Incentive Models for Improving Quality of Care

Provider quality incentives are an important component of value–based purchasing. They create a business case for providers to invest their time and effort in health care quality improvement. This monograph identifies the range of provider incentive models that sponsoring organizations should consider.
March 2002